China has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), and according to the legal documents of China's accession to the WTO, all technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures in China should comply with the WTO/TBT Agreement and accept the "Code of Good Conduct for the Formulation, Adoption, and Practice of Relevant Standards". In accordance with the requirements of these commitments and principles, the development of China's construction machinery product standards will inevitably require significant adjustments and changes.
1、 5 major issues in the standardization of construction machinery products
At present, there is still a significant gap in the standardization of construction machinery products in China, mainly manifested in the following five aspects:
(1) Insufficient understanding of the importance of technical regulations and unclear positioning. The current technical regulations have not formed a system, and there are problems of chaotic management and low transparency. It is believed that mandatory standards are technical regulations, which confuses the concepts of administrative regulations and technical documents.
(2) There are many products that do not adopt international standards and have lower standard levels in recommended standards. According to the principle of national treatment, imported products should also enjoy the same treatment as domestic products. Differences in standards lead to differences in product quality levels, which will inevitably have an impact on the domestic industry.
(3) The non selectivity of qualification assessment institutions, the internal and external differences in certification fees, and the lack of relevant information violate the principles of national treatment, trade barrier free, and transparency. According to China's commitment to joining the WTO, the selection of certification bodies should be decided by the applicant, and the certification marks, fees, acceptance period, and procedures should be unified. The selection of certification bodies is also independent of the place of production of the product.
(4) It is considered that international standards are not progressiveness. In fact, international standards are the rules recognized by WTO, and their universality in the international scope is just its irreplaceable progressiveness. Most international standards are method standards, terminology standards, and safety standards. Although these safety performance indicators are not as easy to determine as product performance indicators, there are no requirements for safety performance indicators in domestic products. The level of safety performance indicators in international standards is actually very high. The current revision standards for earthmoving machinery have put forward requirements and testing methods for the driver's field of vision, cab environment, driver safety protection devices, and accident prevention devices. In the research process of standard projects, using digital functional prototypes for testing has become a necessary means. For the project of "Overturning Protection Structure of Small Excavators - Laboratory Testing and Performance Requirements", in order to determine the test load, an excavator model was established using virtual prototyping software ADAMS and finite element software ANSYS, and simulation experiments were conducted. As shown in Figure 1, the load parameters under different working conditions were obtained.
(5) It is believed that China needs to independently establish a set of product standards with "Chinese characteristics" and that this is the correct way to establish "rule barriers". Even some senior leaders have this idea. In fact, this kind of understanding is very dangerous. According to WTO rules, participating in economic globalization will inevitably lead to significant changes in China's original industrial structure, product structure, and even system. Studying the development trends of international standards and advanced foreign standards, tracking and catching up with them, has become an inevitable requirement for China's development of social productivity under the new situation.
2、 Strategies for Strengthening the Standardization of the Construction Machinery Industry
In the early stage of mechanical development from the 1970s to the 1990s, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, the Ministry of Construction, and their affiliated industry associations formulated a number of national or industry standards for the product types, parameters, and technical conditions of construction machinery based on collected foreign information and combined with the situation in China. Due to the detailed provisions of various product models, bucket capacity, load capacity, engine power, and even machine weight in these product standards. And user needs are diverse. If we design and produce according to standards, we may encounter situations where what meets the standards is not suitable for user needs, and what meets user needs may not meet the standards. Therefore, overly detailed regulations actually constrain the pace of product development.
Therefore, relevant departments of the country and industry will convert these standards into recommended standards, which enterprises can voluntarily adopt. For a considerable period of time, many companies still used it as their product standard. Firstly, it is because the enterprise has not fully entered the market economy and hopes to leverage the power of the country or industry to develop and promote products. Secondly, many users still believe that international and national standards are the highest and are not confident in the standards set by the production enterprise itself, hoping that the enterprise can produce according to national standards. Therefore, in terms of development trend, enterprises are gradually phasing out standard products. This is the customer-centric approach to product development and production.
（2） Transforming government supervision into market supervision
China has joined the WTO, and the government must use legal means to manage the Chinese market that has already integrated with the world market. The government should prioritize the protection of public interests and focus on monitoring the quality of products related to safety, hygiene, environmental protection, and other aspects. Therefore, the country should formulate unified national regulations on mechanical safety and environmental protection as soon as possible. These regulations are the safety legal norms that all products must meet, and they are also the content of government supervision.
The requirements for product performance indicators such as machine specifications, performance levels, and even reliability indicators should be chosen by the market and users, shifting from government supervision to market supervision. Under the pressure of market competition, enterprises attach much greater importance to these quality indicators than the government
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